Archive for the ‘Reading’ Category

Outliers

Andy Parkhouse - September 18th, 2009

Recently some silliness was going on in one of my favourite web forums. Toys were thrown from prams, names were being called, it was all very exciting, but only for drama whores, so being community-minded I went looking for something about internet dramas to remind people to stop with the unacceptable behaviour.

Along the way I found this chart, which is fun, probably just about accurate, and dovetails into an ongoing debate / development project / rolling bunfight we’re having about tracking and measuring opinion.

internetdrama Outliers

Found via Skeptobot: Comic #01 – Internet Drama

The chart is drawn as a bell curve. Can it be replotted as a power law?

How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity

Andy Parkhouse - September 17th, 2009

Here’s Ed Catmull of Pixar talking about creativity at Pixar. It’s a nice sunny day, so why not have a read?

For more on Pixar, Lucas Film, and how a small group of bright people re-invented the whole film industry, try this book.

Not the Best, But in the Top One…

Andy Parkhouse - August 13th, 2009

Hope my book of Brian Clough quotes will arrive soon. Can’t wait!

Ten Indian Books Worth Reading

Andy Parkhouse - June 5th, 2009

Fancy some weekend reading? Indian stories are big right now, and not just Slumdog: Indian novels are in fashion. The White Tiger took the 2008 Booker prize. Meanwhile the block-busting colossus that’s Shantaram seems to be everywhere; it’s best read in Bombay, but failing that, it’s a great beach / airport book.

I find Indian stories fascinating: it’s a country of superlatives that are cliched by repetition, but true nonetheless – crowded, colourful, noisy, warm, violent, relaxed; it will have soon the largest national population in the world, it’s been described ‘as the least boring country in the world’, and it seems to be both the best and worst country in the world all at once.

India is an ancient culture reinventing itself daily, and is home to some of the most civilised and uncivilised existences imaginable. It’s also the subject of some great novels and travel books. Here are ten that are worth reading (and one to avoid):

1. Sacred Games Vikram Chandra. ‘We live in Kaliyuga – the hot bed of sin’. Bombay vividly alive. Epic detective/mafia fiction.
2. Love and Longing in Bombay Vikram Chandra. Warm short stories of contradiction and tension from contemporary Bombay.
3. A Passage to India E. M. Forster. Colonial fiction, staggeringly breathtaking in its perfection.
4. A Fine Balance Rohinton Mistry. Delicate and brutal fiction about the Indira Ghandi era.
5. The Hungry Tide Amitav Ghosh. Well-told story set in endless mangrove swamps from an author with a deft vivid touch.
6. Kim Rudyard Kipling. Boy’s own fiction. Easy reading, colourful, noisy.
7. Maximum City Suketa Mehta. Autobiography, a dense and fascinating homage to Bombay.
8. Chasing the Monsoon Alexander Frater. Travel writing – one man’s quest to get rained on along the length of the India.
9. Last Jet Engine Laugh Ruchir Joshi. Indian fiction without the cliches that litter the blockbusters.
10. No Full Stops in India Mark Tully. Travel / documentary from a legendary BBC correspondent.

One to avoid: A Million Mutinies Now V. S. Naipaul. Painful to spend time with.

‘Managing Oneself’ by Peter F. Drucker

Katrina Percy - March 16th, 2009

 ‘Managing Oneself’ by Peter F. Drucker

Oh look, another book that is nice and quick to read….. I love em. It is always good to find something to give you a quick burst of motivation or something that makes you stop and think.

Drucker’s book starts off making you look at your strengths and weaknesses, which I am sure most people have been told to do at many points in their lives. However Drucker continues to ask more, or rather gets the reader to ask themselves further questions (even questions within questions):

How do I perform?
I am a listener or a reader?
How do I learn?
Do I produce results as a decision maker or as an adviser?
Do I perform well under stress, or do I need a predictable environment?
Do I work best in a big or small origination?
What are my values?

What kind of person do I want to see in the mirror?
What should I contribute?
What does the situation require?
Where do I belong?

At first I felt a little bombarded with the shear amount of questions that had been thrown at me. Though it becomes obvious that Drucker is hoping that the people reading his book will actually know the answers to some of them. Plus it only feels like a lot because they are all asked within 33 pages, no more than the size of A6. If they had been spread out between 200 pages it would have felt like far less, but then the impact may not have been as strong.

At every possible opportunity Drucker gives examples of where people go wrong and points out all ‘if only’ situations for them. I found this helpful, it makes you think of occasions where similar things could have happened in your own working life that you may have previously discounted as irrelevant.

After reading the first two thirds of this book I had a strong craving to do a personality test, two came to mind, one you can do online is:

Myers Briggs
http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp

Finally the book ended with looking at what can change when a person hits midlife. He gives suggestions to keep oneself from, well, going stale if you will. I am sure that it is good advice, I will find out….

Book report: Attention and Interest Factors in Advertising

Lisa Rex - January 27th, 2009

dsc 0002 Book report: Attention and Interest Factors in Advertising…And the question is, ‘What is actually new in usability?’

First impression? I thought this book would have zero relevance to web usability because it was published in 1947. There is also a huge usability fail because the book doesn’t have a title on the cover (missing dust cover, perhaps?), though the title is on the spine. However, I did really enjoy reading the book because I love old things and it was quite interesting. As a bonus, I now have a good grasp of what makes for a successful print advertisement in 1940s America.

The results featured in Attention and Interest Factors in Advertising were compiled from 2,500 pieces of advertising that were carefully analysed to determine the public viewer’s attention and interest to individual printed advertisements, thereby determining what actually makes an advertisement effective.

So, as it happens, there are similarities between analysing web usability and analysing effective print advertising:

  • Those participating in the analysis are carefully selected to meet certain criteria but…
    In the advertising study, participants were trained to judge the adverts using a consistent approach, whereas today we choose usability test participants based on our various criteria, but generally are aiming to get a cross-section of people who represent actual users.
  • In the 1940’s and today, we both use technology to compile the results of the analysis, but..Back then, the researchers calculated the results using an IBM 80-column tabulating card, with each card are representing a participant’s response to a single ad. Each card usually ended up with about 50 holes punched into it. Today we use computer applications like Silverback or simply videotape participants. We can create complicated spreadsheets and graphs to show the percentage of people who failed to see the key message on the home page.
  • Eye tracking studies have been around since 1900 or so, when “psychology experiments” showed that people favored the left page. Later, (well, 1937-1941) eye tracking studies also found a slight preference to the left page when this was tested with coupons and newspaper ads.

Since you are twitching to know what makes a print ad effective, here it is (and we can try to apply most of these to web usability!)

  • Volume: The more material within the publication that competed for attention showed a steady decrease in attention.
  • Size: Half pages are relatively more effective than full pages.
  • Colour: There was little difference in attention levels between black-and-white and two colors, but four-color showed a massive increase in effectiveness. Four-color full-page ads cost 44% more than black and white in 1947 (and probably still do). Aren’t you glad you work on the Interweb?
  • Headline mechanics: Shorter headlines that fit on a single line have the highest readership.
  • Illustrations: The larger the illustration, the more effective it is in gaining initial attention.
  • Tone: Did this ad make you feel pleasant, neutral or unpleasant? The unpleasant feeling tone attracted a higher attention Index therefore it’s not a surprise why upsetting/shocking advertisements are still used today.
  • Weak versus strong entertainment appeal: A no brainer … strong entertainment appeal attracts higher readership.
  • Motion: “A moving display in a store window is always a ‘sure bet’ to stop people. The same is true of lighted advertising signs with moving letters and figures. One need only watch the throngs as they stand enthralled before Broadway’s neon wonders to realize the power of moving figures to attract and hold attention.” And that is why Flash is so popular on the web, but…Moving images rarely makes websites more usable unless it’s drawing attention to a single thing that users need to do next.

What is new in usability? Today there are more usability specialists at usability firms, their usability skills backed by HCI courses or degrees in psychology. There are specialist software applications like that can capture and play back usability testing sessions (i.e. Silverback or Morae), make Google Analytics even prettier (i.e. CrazyEgg) and create wireframes and prototypes (i.e. Axure). There’s also about a zillion usability blogs. The specifics of web usability are new, but they were built on established methods.

Lisa Rex

P.S. I wonder how a similar advertising study conducted today would compare? Modern Westerners face information bombardment every day. Have human preferences changed much since 1947? I somehow doubt that 1940s advertising styles would work as well today, but I’d like to think that the basics remain the same.

Hear no viral, see no viral

Ian Ochiltree - January 27th, 2009

I love aphorisms.

In emails and blog posts me and Tim have been trying to come up with the most succinct viral definition.

The results:

“If the number of people who are passed the message in one iterative step is greater than the total number of people in the previous step for some period of the campaign then it’s viral”
Tim

“Hear no viral, see no viral.”
Me

One from blogs afar:

“Viral is a thing that happens, not a thing that is.”
Faris Yakob

I concede to Tim’s description even if it isn’t awesomely aphoristic. It opens up a sense of timescales and an idea of measurement, both of which are the scurge of shorter, more hollywood-wit phrasing around “viral” – such as mine and the others doing the rounds..

How to win arguments and influence people

Chris Quigley - January 21st, 2009

“Logic is the anatomy of thought” – John Locke

Formal logic holds that a good argument is a “sound” argument – i.e. an argument in which the truth of the propositions logically guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

By using formal logic, it is possible to infer (via deduction or induction) whether an argument is sound or not by testing whether the conclusion is made true by the supporting propositions.
A classic example of an argument based on formal logic is:
Proposition 1: “All humans are mortal”
Proposition 2:  “David Beckham is human”
Conclusion: “David Beckham is mortal”

In every day life most people use “informal logic” in their reasoning and arguments.  This is a much less strict version of logic that doesn’t accord to the strict rules of inference that formal logic – e.g. mathematical logic -  does.

Informal logic is not so much about “truth” but more to do with “persuasion”.  And as the at the core of persuasion is the idea of making it easy for your audience to “understand” you, it is of the utmost importance to ensure arguments are “well structured” and each part of the argument can easily be picked apart.

A classic format of “Informal logic” is based around a 4-tiered structure:
- Your position (I think . . .) – what you think overall
- Propositions (Because . . .) – reasons that support your position
- Arguments (As . . .) – supporting arguments that back up each of your propositions (this is also referred to as a minor “proposition”)
- Evidence (Supported by . . .) – supporting evidence to back up your arguments

So using this structure, an argument may look like this:
- Position: Liverpool are better than Everton
- Proposition: Because Liverpool are more successful on the pitch
- Argument: As Liverpool have won more cups and are higher in the league
- Evidence: Which is supported by the fact that Liverpool have won the Champions League 5 times, Everton have never won it.

Acknowledging this tiered informal logic structuring means it’s easy to formulate an argument – and equally easy for the audience to pick it apart, and judge for themselves whether they believe in the truth of each of the premises of the overall argument – i.e. the propositions, supporting arguments and supporting evidence.

Additional to the informal logic structure, influential arguers should also takes into account two further components of persuasive argument proposed in Aristotelian rhetoric:
- pathos (the convictions of the audience to whom an argument is addressed)
- ethos (the character of the arguer)

(N.B. Aristotle’s third component was logos – the logic of the argument)

Classic uses of pathos in persuasive arguments include the use of “metaphor” or “story telling”.  By anchoring your propositions in your audience’s world makes them much easier to engage with.

The core to ensuring an arguer establishes ethos, is to show “moral competence” and high levels of knowledge.  This can be done implicitly by the cogency and stature of your argument, or explicitly by ensuring your arguments are well supported by weighty evidence.

So to recap, borrowing off and updating Aristotle’s ancient (and ever prescient) wisdom, there are 3 rules to follow if you’re going to win arguments and influence people:
- Logos – structure your argument well, and make sure it holds true (even if it’s not true make your position at least seem true)
- Pathos – back up your position with propositions which use stories and language that chime with your audience.
- Ethos – make sure your arguments are well founded, and backed up with some juicy (believable) evidence.

Book Report: The Hare & The Tortoise

Owen Curtis-Quick - December 14th, 2008

With writing instrument in hand I set off on another circling and commenting adventure. This week I read ‘The Hare & The Tortoise’, which is a collection of short essays about business strategy. It doesn’t deliver ground breaking revelations, but it did throw up the occasional insight.

The opening essay ‘The hare and the tortoise: a fable for senior executives’, revisits the infamous original story but with a twist, this time round the tortoise has some insecurities and wants to be like a hare. He gets advice from some clever marketing types who propose he could surpass the hare by becoming a jaguar. The moral of the story is if you’re tortoise – be a tortoise. Huh? well whilst other markets may look like they have greener grass, the first obligation of a company is to compete in markets that they are most adapted to. The essay doesn’t mention diversifying, but it would be reasonable to expect the essay to say – ‘I’m not saying a company shouldn’t expand or change its activities, I’m saying it should do what it is good at’. So here I think I’ve got to core of the essay and that is: to be comfortable in your own skin and keep doing what you’re great at.

The next stop is ‘Distinctive capabilities’. What are they? well a distinctive capability is something a company has or does that is very difficult for another company to reproduce, such as: a loyal customer base or a trade secret. A company can only hope to have a few and many don’t have any. It is important for any company: to know its distinctive capabilities, to continue to utilise them and finally not do anything to lose them! Because a company that is lacking in the distinctive capabilities department – can not sustain success whilst others can easily imitate what makes them successful. I’ll summarise with a catchy slogan – ‘don’t sell fizzy drinks, sell Coca Cola’.

‘The plane that fell to earth’ looks at why Boeing lost its dominating position to Airbus. Boeing was market leader for over 20 years, and looked unbeatable, so why then did things change? there was a change in leadership, and more specifically there was a change in mentality. Boeing’s glory days were led by Bill Allen who’s focus was aircraft first and profit second. This is illustrated by 747, it was the riskiest project the company had ever undertaken yet they didn’t even know what return-on-investment would be. When Boeing was taken over by profit driven Harry Stonecipher and Phil Condit, it lost what had kept it successful. The lesson – ‘money is not everything’ and more importantly ‘make kick-ass stuff a priority’.

‘First movers please’ points out that history has not favoured innovators. For example: Berkley produced the first calculators, Chux the first disposable nappies and Ampex the first video recorders. These companies were first movers but where has it got them? nowhere! They have all been outclassed by the brands we know today. This supports part of my philosophy, that although a great idea is important the real distinction is in the idea’s execution, that’s what sets you apart.

To finish off I’ll leave you with the lesson from ‘Cost and competitive advantage’. It gives the example of a water utility company. If all the staff were fired, the water would keep flowing, but eventually something would go wrong and need fixing. It is a drastic example but shows cutting corners today can have delayed negative consequences. It seems obvious but it also seems like many companies either can’t foresee the long term impacts of their actions or that success today is more important than success tomorrow. The water company example also highlights the balance of cost vs output, water needs to be clean and reliable but can always be cleaner and more reliable if more money was spent. A compromise must be reached, and in some cases can be phrased ‘the compromise is better than the better solution’. And on that philosophical bombshell I bid you fair well.

Book Report: Peopleware by Tom DeMarco and Timothy Lister. What did I learn?

Laura Wotherspoon - December 12th, 2008

peopleware Book Report: Peopleware by Tom DeMarco and Timothy Lister. What did I learn?
Let me start by saying that I loved this book. I found it interesting, intelligently and compellingly written, full of (obviously heavily researched) insight and highly relevant to what I do at Team Rubber, and what Team Rubber do as a company. But the question I was asked by Andy was not ‘do I like Peopleware?’, it was ‘what did I learn from Peopleware?’.

I have had a few different jobs in my life so far. I’ve seen the way in which different people to work, and the way that they’re affected by different environments. I’ve worked in small offices, in boring offices, in large open plan noisy studios and the present quieter, but very full studio here at Team Rubber. As a producer and a manager I’ve been so pleased to see happy, busy people communicating and getting on well – and frustrated by people so clearly not working to their potential, or looking bored or irritable at their work.

But I’ve never thought it necessary to apply reasoning to people’s working styles. I’ve always found that people’s styles of getting jobs done are something that I’ve had to work with, or around. I’ve never fully considered why people work in the way that they do (although of course I’ve thought about it in passing). That people’s working styles can be so heavily influenced by their working conditions, the teams they work in and their environment. And this is what Peopleware has taught me.

It seems so obvious, and of course it is, that people with fewer distractions get more (productive) work done than those who are constantly interrupted. But Peopleware brings home exactly what distractions are. How easy it is for any of us to get distracted by a phone call, or a question, or loud music – and the impact that this distraction has on work, especially for workers engaged in the kind of work that requires them to get in the state of ‘flow’. To this end, Peopleware has taught me how to protect our developer’s time, and productivity. And has, importantly, empowered me to do so.

Peopleware points out that the cost of these distractions is very real, and that the value of protecting people’s time and space – particularly developers, but the same could  be applied to any of us – will be reflected in profit in the long run. Peopleware has lead me to hold an opinion that I never thought I’d have – that it is worth fighting for small rooms with doors for people to work in rather than large, open plan offices. It’s so wrong to me that I should be separated from people on my ‘team’, the people that I’m managing, it almost goes against everything that I want to believe. I want to see the work they’re doing, or at least hear that they’re doing it. But Peopleware has managed to convinced me otherwise. And taught me that managers that think this way are not good managers!

Through good hiring (another thing that Peopleware touches on, again with great insight) you can find great people that will inspire each other to work diligently and productively. People that will work well in teams and have pride in their successes. That want to do well, and will be able to if they are given the right conditions in which to do so. And also – that if you give people the right conditions and the right teams, that they will stay. Peopleware has also taught me the importance (and true value) of retaining staff.

In short, Peopleware has taught me a huge amount about how to effectively manage people and teams that work developing software (and more than this, just generally manage people) – it’s also taught me to understand the way in which I work with those around me. Peopleware has made sense of my past experiences as a producer and project manager – made me realise why sometimes intelligent people don’t or aren’t able to work to their full potential. And finally, it’s taught me how to defend my opinions and the other people at Team Rubber, by giving me substantiated facts about the issues it’s raised. It’s a great book and I’d recommend it to anyone that manages, or works in, development teams as a way of understanding how we all work. Although maybe I won’t recommend it to the competition, it’s too valuable for that.